Namibia is a republic in south-western Africa, bordered on the north by Angola and Zambia, on the east by Botswana and South Africa, on the south by South Africa, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The constitution of 1990 established Namibia as an independent republic and it was renamed from South-West Africa. Until this point it had been controlled by South Africa. The area of Namibia is 824,269 sq km (318,252 sq mi).